Secure Percona Server for MySQL with SELinux¶

Understanding SELinux labels and their components (user, role, type, sensitivity level) Importance of SELinux context for administrators and users

MySQL SELinux Policy Explanation of SELinux policy for MySQL Compatibility of Percona Server for MySQL with CentOS 7 and CentOS 8 SELinux policies

SELinux is a mandatory access control system implemented in the Linux kernel. It’s designed to enhance system security by enforcing strict rules on how processes interact with files, directories, and other system resources. Unlike discretionary access control (DAC), where users have some control over permissions, SELinux imposes policies that must be followed regardless of user settings.

In SELinux, access policies are defined based on the context of processes and files. Each process and file is assigned a security context, which includes information about its identity and permissions. These contexts determine a process’s actions on a file or resource.

For processes, SELinux defines policies based on their security context, such as their domain and role. These policies specify which operations a process can perform and what resources it can access. For example, a web server process may be allowed to read web content files but not modify system configuration files. Similarly, files and directories are assigned security contexts that dictate how processes can access them. SELinux policies define rules governing interactions between processes and files based on their contexts. For instance, a database file may only be accessible for reading and writing by the database server process, while other processes are restricted from accessing it.

Overall, SELinux acts as a guardrail for system resources, ensuring that only authorized processes can access sensitive files and directories, thereby bolstering system security. Understanding SELinux and its access policies is crucial for maintaining a secure and robust MySQL environment.

Understanding SELinux labels and their components¶

Component	Description
User	Represents the identity of the user or process attempting an action. It helps SELinux determine which user is initiating the action.
Role	Defines the role or function of a process within the system. It assists SELinux in determining the purpose or responsibility of the process.
Type	Represents the type or category of an object such as files, directories, or processes. It aids SELinux in identifying the nature of the resource being accessed.
Sensitivity Level	Indicates the sensitivity level or security classification of an object. It assists SELinux in enforcing security policies based on the object’s sensitivity.

Importance of SELinux context for administrators and users¶

Understanding SELinux context is crucial for administrators and users because it determines how processes interact with system resources. By assigning specific labels to users, roles, types, and sensitivity levels, SELinux ensures that only authorized actions are permitted. This granular control enhances system security by restricting unauthorized access and preventing malicious activities. Administrators rely on SELinux context to configure policies that align with organizational security requirements, while users benefit from a secure environment where their actions are safeguarded against potential threats. Overall, SELinux context plays a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of system operations.

Explanation of SELinux Policy for MySQL¶

SELinux is a security feature in Linux that controls access to various resources such as files, directories, and network ports based on defined policies. For MySQL, SELinux has a specific policy that governs how the MySQL server process interacts with the system and other resources.

This policy defines rules for MySQL’s behavior, including which files it can access, which network ports it can use, and what actions it can perform. These rules help enforce security by restricting MySQL’s actions to only those that are necessary for its operation, preventing unauthorized access and potential security breaches.

The SELinux policy for MySQL ensures that the MySQL server process operates within predefined boundaries, limiting its capabilities to minimize the risk of exploitation or unauthorized access to sensitive data.

Compatibility of Percona Server for MySQL with SELinux Policies¶

Percona Server for MySQL is a drop-in replacement for MySQL that offers enhanced performance, scalability, and other features. When running Percona Server for MySQL on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8, RHEL 9, or their derivatives, compatibility with SELinux policies is essential for ensuring secure and reliable operation.

Percona Server for MySQL is designed to be compatible with SELinux policies on these Linux distributions. This means that Percona Server for MySQL can seamlessly integrate with SELinux, allowing administrators to enforce security policies and restrictions without sacrificing the functionality or performance of the database server.

By adhering to SELinux policies, Percona Server for MySQL ensures that it operates within the confines defined by SELinux, preventing any unauthorized or potentially malicious actions that could compromise the system’s security. This compatibility with SELinux policies enhances the overall security posture of Percona Server for MySQL deployments on RHEL and its derivatives, providing peace of mind to administrators and users alike.

SELinux context example¶

To view the SELinux context, add the -Z switch to many of the utilities. Here is an example of the context for mysqld:

$ ps -eZ | grep mysqld_t

Expected output

system_u:system_r:mysqld_t:s0    3356 ?        00:00:01 mysqld

The context has the following properties:

User - system_u
Role - system_r
Type or domain - mysqld_t
Sensitivity level - s0 3356

Most SELinux policy rules are based on the type or domain.

List SELinux types or domains associated with files¶

The security property that SELinux relies on is the Type security property. The type name often end with a _t. A group of objects with the same type security value belongs to the same domain.

To view the mysqldb_t types associated with the MySQL directories and files, run the following command:

$ ls -laZ /var/lib/ | grep mysql

Expected output

drwxr-x--x. mysql   mysql   system_u:object_r:mysqld_db_t:s0 mysql
drwxr-x---. mysql   mysql   system_u:object_r:mysqld_db_t:s0 mysql-files
drwxr-x---. mysql   mysql   system_u:object_r:mysqld_db_t:s0 mysql-keyring

Note

If a policy type does not define the type property for an object, the default value is unconfined_t.

SELinux modes¶

SELinux has the following modes:

Disabled - No SELinux policy modules loaded, which disables policies. Nothing is reported.
Permissive - SELinux is active, but policy modules are not enforced. A policy violation is reported but does not stop the action.
Enforcing - SELinux is active, and violations are reported and denied. If there is no rule to allow access to a confined resource, SELinux denies the access.

Policy types¶

SELinux has several policy types:

Targeted - Most processes operate without restriction. Specific services are contained in security domains and defined by policies.
Strict - All processes are contained in security domains and defined by policies.

SELinux has confined processes that run in a domain and restricts everything unless explicitly allowed. An unconfined process in an unconfined domain is allowed almost all access.

MySQL is a confined process, and the policy module defines which files are read, which ports are opened, and so on. SELinux assumes the Percona Server for MySQL installation uses the default file locations and default ports.

If you change the default, you must also edit the policy. If you do not update the policy, SELinux, in enforcing mode, denies access to all non-default resources.

Check the SELinux mode¶

To check the current SELinux mode, use either of the following commands:

$ sestatus

Expected output

SELinux status:                 enabled
SELinuxfs mount:                /sys/fs/selinux
SELinux root directory:         /etc/selinux
Loaded policy name:             targeted
Current mode:                   enforcing
Mode from config file:          enforcing
Policy MLS status:              enabled
Policy deny_unknown status:     allowed
Memory protection checking:     actual (secure)
Max kernel policy version:      31

or

$ grep ^SELINUX= /etc/selinux/config

Expected output

SELINUX=enforcing

Note

Add the -b parameter to sestatus to display the Policy booleans. The boolean values for each parameter is shown. An example of using the b parameter is the following:

$ sestatus -b | grep mysql

Expected output

mysql_connect_any                           off
selinuxuser_mysql_connect_enabled

The /etc/selinux/config file controls if SELinux is disabled or enabled, and if enabled, whether SELinux operates in enforcing mode or permissive mode.

Disable SELinux¶

If you plan to use the enforcing mode at another time, use the permissive mode instead of disabling SELinux. During the time that SELinux is disabled, the system may contain mislabeled objects or objects with no label. If you re-enable SELinux and plan to set SELinux to enforcing, you must follow the steps to Relabel the entire file system.

On boot, to disable SELinux, set the selinux=0 kernel option. The kernel does not load the SELinux infrastructure. This option has the same effect as changing the SELINUX=disabled instruction in the configuration file and then rebooting the system.

Additional SELinux tools¶

Install the SELinux management tools, such as semanage or sesearch, if needed.

On RHEL 8 or compatible operating systems, use the following command as root:

$ yum -y install policycoreutils-python-utils

Note

You may need root privileges to run SELinux management commands.

Switch the mode in the configuration file¶

Switching between modes may help when troubleshooting or when modifying rules.

To permanently change the mode, edit the /etc/selinux/config file and change the SELINUX= value. You should also verify the change.

$ cat /etc/selinux/config | grep SELINUX= | grep -v ^#

Expected output

SELINUX=enforcing
SELINUX=enforcing

$ sudo sed -i 's/^SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=permissive/g' /etc/selinux/config

$ cat /etc/selinux/config | grep SELINUX= | grep -v ^#

Expected output

SELINUX=permissive
SELINUX=permissive

Reboot your system after the change.

If switching from either disabled mode or permissive mode to enforcing, see Relabel the entire file system.

Switch the mode until the next reboot¶

To change the mode until the next reboot, use either of the following commands as root:

$ setenforce Enforcing

or

$ setenforce 1

The following setenforce parameters are available:

setenforce parameters	Also Permitted
0	Permissive
1	Enforcing

You can view the current mode by running either of the following commands:

$ getenforce

Expected output

Enforcing

or

$ sestatus | grep -i mode

Expected output

Current mode:                   permissive
Mode from config file:          enforcing

Switch the mode for a service¶

You can move one or more services into a permissive domain. The other services remain in enforcing mode.

To add a service to the permissive domain, run the following as root:

$ sudo semanage permissive -a mysqld_t

To list the current permissive domains, run the following command:

$ sudo semanage permissive -l

Expected output

...
Customized Permissive Types

mysqld_t

Builtin Permissive Types
...

To delete a service from the permissive domain, run the following:

$ sudo semanage permissive -d mysqld_t

The service returns to the system’s SELinux mode. Be sure to follow the steps to Relabel the entire file system.

Relabel the entire file system¶

Switching from disabled or permissive to enforcing requires additional steps. The enforcing mode requires the correct contexts, or labels, to function. The permissive mode allows users and processes to label files and system objects incorrectly. The disabled mode does not load the SELinux infrastructure and does not label resources or processes.

RHEL and compatible systems, use the fixfiles application for relabeling. You can relabel the entire file system or the file contexts of an application.

For one application, run the following command:

$ fixfiles -R mysqld restore

To relabel the file system without rebooting the system, use the following command:

$ fixfiles -f -F relabel

Another option relabels the file system during a reboot. You can either add a touch file, read during the reboot operation, or configure a kernel boot parameter. The completion of the relabeling operation automatically removes the touch file.

Add the touch file as root:

$ touch /.autorelabel

To configure the kernel, add the autorelabel=1 kernel parameter to the boot parameter list. The parameter forces a system relabel. Reboot in permissive mode to allow the process to complete before changing to enforcing.

Note

Relabeling an entire filesystem takes time. When the relabeling is complete, the system reboots again.

Set a custom data directory¶

If you do not use the default settings, SELinux, in enforcing mode, prevents access to the system.

For example, during installation, you have used the following configuration:

datadir=/var/lib/mysqlcustom
socket=/var/lib/mysqlcustom/mysql.sock

Restart the service.

$ service mysqld restart

Expected output

Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart mysqld.service
Job for mysqld.service failed because the control process exited with error code.
See "systemctl status mysqld.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details.

Check the journal log to see the error code.

$ journalctl -xe

Expected output

...
SELinux is preventing mysqld from getattr access to the file /var/lib/mysqlcustom/ibdata1.
...

Check the SELinux types in /var/lib/mysqlcustom.

ls -1aZ /var/lib/mysqlcustom

Expected output

  total 164288
  drwxr-x--x.  6 mysql mysql system_u:object_r:var_lib_t:s0       4096 Dec  2 07:58  .
  drwxr-xr-x. 38 root  root  system_u:object_r:var_lib_t:s0       4096 Dec  1 14:29  ..
  ...
  -rw-r-----.  1 mysql mysql system_u:object_r:var_lib_t:s0   12582912 Dec  1 14:29  ibdata1
  ...

To solve the issue, use the following methods:

Set the proper labels for mysqlcustom files
Change the mysqld SELinux policy to allow mysqld access to var_lib_t files.

The recommended solution is to set the proper labels. The following procedure assumes you have already created and set ownership to the custom data directory location:

To change the SELinux context, use semanage fcontext. In this step, you define how SELinux deals with the custom paths:
```
$ semanage fcontext -a -e /var/lib/mysql /var/lib/mysqlcustom
```
SELinux applies the same labeling schema, defined in the mysqld policy, for the /var/lib/mysql directory to the custom directory. Files created within the custom directory are labeled as if they were in /var/lib/mysql.

To restorecon command applies the change.

$ restorecon -R -v /var/lib/mysqlcustom

Restart the mysqld service:
```
$ service mysqld start
```

Set a custom log location¶

If you do not use the default settings, SELinux, in enforcing mode, prevents access to the location. Change the log location to a custom location in my.cnf:

log-error=/logs/mysqld.log

Verify the log location with the following command:

$ ls -laZ /

Expected output

  ...
  drwxrwxrwx.   2 root root unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0    6 Dec  2 09:16 logs
  ...

Starting MySQL returns the following message:

$ service mysql start

Expected output

Redirecting to /bin/systemctl start mysql.service
Job for mysqld.service failed because the control process exited with error code.
See "systemctl status mysqld.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details.

$ journalctl -xe
...
SELinux is preventing mysqld from write access to the directory logs.
...

The default SELinux policy allows mysqld to write logs into a location tagged with var_log_t, which is the /var/log location. You can solve the issue with either of the following methods:

Tag the /logs location properly
Edit the SELinux policy to allow mysqld access to all directories.

To tag the custom /logs location is the recommended method since it locks down access. Run the following commands to tag the custom location:

$ semanage fcontext -a -t var_log_t /logs
$ restorecon -v /logs

You may not be able to change the /logs directory label. For example, other applications, with their own rules, use the same directory.

To adjust the SELinux policy when a directory is shared, follow these steps:

Create a local policy:

ausearch -c 'mysqld' --raw | audit2allow -M my-mysqld

This command generates the my-mysqld.te and the my-mysqld.pp files. The mysqld.te is the type enforcement policy file. The my-mysqld.pp is the policy module loaded as a binary file into the SELinux subsystem.

An example of the my-myslqd.te file:
```
module my-mysqld 1.0;

require {
    *type mysqld_t*;
    type var_lib_t;
    *type default_t*;
    class file getattr;
    *class dir write*;
}

============= mysqld_t ==============
*allow mysqld_t default_t:dir write*;
allow mysqld_t var_lib_t:file getattr;
```
The policy contains rules for the custom data directory and the custom logs directory. We have set the proper labels for the data directory location, and applying this auto-generated policy would loosen our hardening by allowing mysqld to access var_lib_t tags.
SELinux-generated events are converted to rules. A generated policy may contain rules for recent violations and include unrelated rules. Unrelated rules are generated from actions, such as changing the data directory location, that are not related to the logs directory. Add the --start parameter to use log events after a specific time to filter out the unwanted events. This parameter captures events when the time stamp is equal to the specified time or later. SELinux generates a policy for the current actions.
```
$ ausearch --start 10:00:00 -c 'mysqld' --raw | audit2allow -M my-mysqld
```

This policy allows mysqld writing into the tagged directories. Open the my_mysqld file:

module my-mysqld 1.0;

require {
    type mysqld_t;
    type default_t;
    class dir write;
}

============= mysqld_t ==============
allow mysqld_t default_t:dir write;

Install the SELinux policy module:
```
$ semodule -i my-mysqld.pp
```

Restart the service. If you have a failure, check the journal log and follow the same procedure.

If SELinux prevents mysql from creating a log file inside the directory. You can view all the violations by changing the SELinux mode to permissive and then running mysqld. All violations are logged in the journal log. After this run, you can generate a local policy module, install it, and switch SELinux back to enforcing mode.

Follow this procedure:

Unload the current local my-mysqld policy module:
```
$ semodule -r my-mysqld
```
You can put a single domain into permissive mode. Other domains on the system to remain in enforcing mode. Use semanage permissive with the -a parameter to change mysqld_t to permissive mode:
```
$ semanage permissive -a mysqld_t
```

Verify the mode change:

$ semdule -l | grep permissive

Expected output

...
permissive_mysqld_t
...

To make searching the log easier, return the time:
```
$ date
```
Start the service.
```
$ service mysqld start
```
MySQL starts, and SELinux logs the violations in the journal log. Check the journal log:
```
$ journalctl -xe
```
Stop the service:
```
$ service mysqld stop
```

Generate a local mysqld policy, using the time returned from step 4:

$ ausearch --start <date-c 'mysqld' --raw | audit2allow -M my-mysqld

Review the policy (the policy you generate may be different):

$ cat my-mysqld.te

Expected output

module my-mysqld 1.0;

require {
type default_t;
    type mysqld_t;
    class dir { add_name write };
    class file { append create open };
}

============= mysqld_t ==============
allow mysqld_t default_t:dir { add_name write };
allow mysqld_t default_t:file { append create open };

Install the policy:
```
$ semodule -i my-mysqld.pp
```
Use semanage permissive with the -d parameter, which deletes the permissive domain for the service:
```
$ semanage permissive -d mysqld_t
```
Restart the service:
```
$ service mysqld start
```

Note

Use this procedure to adjust the local mysqld policy module. You should review the changes which are generated to ensure the rules are not too tolerant.

Set `secure_file_priv` directory¶

Update the SELinux tags for the /var/lib/mysql-files/ directory, used for SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE or similar operations, if required. The server needs only read/write access to the destination directory.

To set secure_file_priv to use this directory, run the following commands to set the context:

$ semanage fcontext -a -t mysqld_db_t "/var/lib/mysql-files/(/.*)?"
$ restorecon -Rv /var/lib/mysql-files

Edit the path for a different location, if needed.

Get expert help¶

If you need assistance, visit the community forum for comprehensive and free database knowledge, or contact our Percona Database Experts for professional support and services.

Community Forum Get a Percona Expert

Last update: 2024-12-18

Secure Percona Server for MySQL with SELinux¶

Understanding SELinux labels and their components¶

Importance of SELinux context for administrators and users¶

Explanation of SELinux Policy for MySQL¶

Compatibility of Percona Server for MySQL with SELinux Policies¶

SELinux context example¶

List SELinux types or domains associated with files¶

SELinux modes¶

Policy types¶

Check the SELinux mode¶

Disable SELinux¶

Additional SELinux tools¶

Switch the mode in the configuration file¶

Switch the mode until the next reboot¶

Switch the mode for a service¶

Relabel the entire file system¶

Set a custom data directory¶

Set a custom log location¶

Set secure_file_priv directory¶

Get expert help¶

Set `secure_file_priv` directory¶